Fraud & invalid traffic · also called Pre-bid filtering, Real-time filtering
Pre-click filtering
Pre-click filtering checks each visitor the moment they arrive and withholds the search ads from those judged invalid, before any click can be charged.
The cheapest invalid click is the one that never happens. Pre-click filtering examines a visit in the instant between arrival on the lander and the ad request to the feed. If the visitor looks like a known crawler, a server, an automated browser or a repeat offender, the page does not call the feed, or shows content without ads.
The checks have to be fast, so they rely on what is knowable immediately: address type (data-center traffic), declared and observed browser traits, obvious automation markers (headless browser), frequency of visits from the same device, and mismatches between claimed location and settings.
For an arbitrageur the benefit is protection of the feed relationship. Bad visits that never generate searches or clicks do not lower the channel's quality in the search engine's eyes, do not trigger smart pricing and cannot be clawed back. The traffic cost is still lost, but the log of filtered visits is evidence for a refund request to the traffic source.
Its limit is that it sees only a snapshot. Well-disguised SIVT passes at the door and is only caught by post-click analysis. The two are used together.
Think of it like this
It is the doorman who turns away known troublemakers at the entrance, so the fight never starts inside.
Related terms
Post-click analysis
Post-click analysis studies what visitors did after clicking, in aggregate, to find invalid traffic that looked normal at the moment of the click.
IVT detection
IVT detection is the set of methods used to tell real, interested visitors from bots, fraud and accidental activity, before or after an ad is clicked.
Ad request
An ad request is a single call from a page to the search feed asking for ads to show for a particular keyword and visitor.
GIVT (general invalid traffic)
GIVT is invalid traffic that routine checks can catch, such as known crawlers, data-center addresses and browsers that declare themselves as automated.
Data-center traffic
Data-center traffic is visits that originate from servers in hosting facilities and cloud providers, where programs run, not from homes or phones where people browse.
TQI Score™
The TQI Score™ (Traffic Quality Index) is ClearTrust's measure of traffic quality, built from more than 150 filters for bots, fake clicks and fake impressions.
Sources: MRC Invalid Traffic Detection and Filtration Standards Addendum (June 2020 update)